The risk of COVID-19 in Cushing's disease is independently related to disease activity (hypercortisolism) and obesity.

Objective: To evaluate the cumulative incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). Subjects and methods: In all, 60 patients with CD following up in our outpatient clinic answered via phone interview a questionnaire about the occurrence of COVID-19 infection documented by RT-PCR (including the diagnosis date and clinical outcome) and vaccination status. Clinical and biochemical data on disease activity (hypercortisolism) and comorbidities (obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension) were obtained from the patients' electronic medical records. Risk ratios (RRs) of risk factors were obtained using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in patients with CD during the observation period was 31.7%, which was higher than that in the general reference population (9.5%). The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was significantly higher in patients with hypercortisolism (57% versus 17% in those without hypercortisolism, p = 0.012) and obesity (54% versus 9% in those without obesity, p < 0.001) but not in patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. On multivariate analysis, hypercortisolism and obesity were each independent risk factors for COVID-19 (RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.06-4.46, p = 0.033 and RR 5.19, 95% CI 1.61-16.74, p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19 in patients with CD was associated with hypercortisolism, as expected, and obesity, a novel and unexpected finding. Thus, correction of hypercortisolism and obesity should be implemented in patients with CD during the current and future COVID-19 outbreaks.

Long-Term Consequences of Cushing Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review.

It is held that the condition of endogenous chronic hypersecretion of cortisol (Cushing syndrome, CS), causes several comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, musculoskeletal alterations, as well as cognitive and mood impairment. Therefore, CS has an adverse impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of affected patients. What remains unclear is whether disease remission may induce a normalization of the associated comorbid conditions. In order to retrieve updated information on this issue, we conducted a systematic search using the Pubmed and Embase databases to identify scientific papers published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022. The initial search identified 1907 potentially eligible records. Papers were screened for eligibility and a total of 79 were included and classified by the main topic (cardiometabolic risk, thromboembolic disease, bone impairment, muscle damage, mood disturbances and quality of life, cognitive impairment, and mortality). Although the limited patient numbers in many studies preclude definitive conclusions, most recent evidence supports the persistence of increased morbidity and mortality even after long-term remission. It is conceivable that the degree of normalization of the associated comorbid conditions depends on individual factors and characteristics of the conditions. These findings highlight the need for early recognition and effective management of patients with CS, which should include active treatment of the related comorbid conditions. In addition, it is important to maintain a surveillance strategy in all patients with CS, even many years after disease remission, and to actively pursue specific treatment of comorbid conditions beyond cortisol normalization.

High prevalence of venous thrombotic events in Cushing's syndrome: data from ERCUSYN and details in relation to surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients included in the European Registry on Cushing's syndrome (ERCUSYN), compare their clinical characteristics with those who did not develop VTE and identify risk factors for VTE. DESIGN: A retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Data extraction from the registry was taken on February, 7, 2022. At the time there were 2174 patients diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and 95 VTEs were reported in the database. RESULTS: Of 95 VTE events 70 (74%) were in pituitary-dependent CS patients, 12 (12.5%) in adrenal-dependant CS, 10 (10.5%) in ectopic CS, and 3 (3%) in CS due to other causes. Sex, 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) value at diagnosis, as well as the number of operations remained statistically significant predictors of VTE. Of patients who were treated with at least one surgery, 12 (13%) VTE occurred before and 80 (87%) after the surgery. Nearly half of these VTEs occurred within six months since the operation (36; 45%). Over half of the centers that reported VTE did not routinely anticoagulate CS patients. Anticoagulation schemes varied widely. CONCLUSION: Patients with CS have an elevated risk of developing VTE for an extended period of time. From ERCUSYN cohort patients have higher risk for VTE if they need multiple surgeries to treat CS, are males and have high UFC values at the diagnosis of CS. Since there is no agreement on thromboprohpylaxis, a protocol for VTE prevention that is widely adopted appears to be necessary for patients with CS.

Metabolic disorders during endogenous Cushing's syndrome: prevalence, associated factors, and outcome after remission.

Objective. The prognosis of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is related to a higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic disorders in patients with CS, the associated factors, and the rate of remission of these disorders after the remission from CS. Methods. It is a retrospective study including 75 cases of CS followed up at the university hospital La Rabta of Tunis from 1987 to 2018. Clinical and paraclinical data were collected from medical files. Results. The mean age of the patients was 44.1±18.9 years and the sex ratio was 0.39. At CS diagnosis, the frequencies of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome were 52, 75, 43, 83, and 73%, respectively. The age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference, and baseline serum cortisol level were not associated with the presence of diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia. Forty-eight patients were operated on. At one year, 38 patients were in remission from CS. The remission rates of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were respectively 58% (p<0.001), 76% (p<0.001), and 17% (NS). Conclusion. Metabolic disorders were frequent during CS and their frequencies decreased after the remission from the syndrome.

[Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: clinical and laboratory features].

BACKGROUND: Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is characterized by bilateral benign adrenocortical lesions, which in some cases lead to Cushing syndrome (CS). Due to the low detection, non-specific, erased clinical picture and slow, long-term progression, it is difficult to assess the true prevalence of PBMAH. This also leads to fairly limited literature data. A detailed analysis of biochemical, imaging parameters, the clinical presentations, in particular, an assessment of the course of comorbidities (arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes (DM), osteoporosis), is necessary to develop an algorithm for managing patients with PBMAH. AIM: Analysis of clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with various forms of PBMAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study was carried out. This study included 110 patients with PBMAH who got referred to the National Research Center for Endocrinology in the period from 2013-2023. We carried out comparative and correlation analysis of hormonal (plasma cortisol concentrations after 1 mg dexamethasone (1-mg DST), urinary free cortisol (СКМ), ACTH), biochemical (glycated hemoglobin), radiological data (nodular tissue volume), course of comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, DM, AH, osteoporosis) in three groups of patients: with overt CS, mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE) and comorbid diseases, and patients with PBMAH without hormonal activity. RESULTS: Among 110 patients 79.1% were women, median age - 60 [51; 68]. The proportion of hormonally inactive forms of PBMAH was 37.3%, the overt CS and MACE was detected in 25.4 and 37.3% consequently. According to the hormonal -examination data: the cortisol level during 1-mg DST was 173.8 nmol/l [86.0; 441.0], ACTH - 3.35 pg/ml [1.00; 8.00], СКМ - 445.5 [249.0; 900.0]. Statistically significant positive moderate correlations were found between the volume of nodular tissue and the level of cortisol after PDT1 (r=0.40, p<0.001), СКМ (r=0.29, p<0.004), as well as a negative moderate correlation between the volume and the level of ACTH (r=-0.40, p<0.001). When analyzing the prevalence and clinical severity of comorbid conditions, DM was diagnosed in 22 (53.7%), AH in 36 (87.8%), obesity and osteoporosis - 23 (56%) and 3 (7.3%) patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of CS-associated diseases among the above groups (p=0.56). CONCLUSION: PBMAH is a heterogeneous pathology with different clinical, hormonal, and imaging characteristics. A correlation was found between the volume of nodular tissue and the degree of hormonal activity of PBMAH. The obtained results emphasize the difficulty in determining clear indications for surgical treatment in the group of patients with MACE. The radicality of proposed surgical procedure should be weighed against its potential complications.

Cushing's Syndrome Is Associated With Early Medical- and Surgical-Related Complications Following Total Joint Arthroplasty: A National Database Study.

BACKGROUND: Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a disorder characterized by exposure to supraphysiologic levels of glucocorticoids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between CS and postoperative complication rates following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with CS undergoing TJA for degenerative etiologies were identified from a large national database and matched 1:5 to a control cohort using propensity scoring. Propensity score matching resulted in 1,059 total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients with CS matched to 5,295 control THA patients and 1,561 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients with CS matched to 7,805 control TKA patients. Rates of medical complications occurring within 90 days of TJA and surgical-related complications occurring within 1 year of TJA were compared using odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: The THA patients with CS had higher incidences of pulmonary embolism (OR 2.21, P = .0026), urinary tract infection (UTI) (OR 1.29, P = .0417), pneumonia (OR 1.58, P = .0071), sepsis (OR 1.89, P = .0134), periprosthetic joint infection (OR 1.45, P = .0109), and all-cause revision surgery (OR 1.54, P = .0036). The TKA patients with CS had significantly higher incidences of UTI (OR 1.34, P = .0044), pneumonia (OR 1.62, P = .0042), and dislocation (OR 2.43, P = .0049) and a lower incidence of manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) (OR 0.63, P = .0027). CONCLUSION: CS is associated with early medical- and surgical-related complications following TJA and a reduced incidence of MUA following TKA.

Possible, probable, and certain hypercortisolism: A continuum in the risk of comorbidity.

Hypercortisolism may be considered as a continuum in terms of both hormonal and cardiometabolic abnormalities. It ranges from cases with "normal" hormonal profile and low to intermediate risk of comorbidity to florid cases with clear clinical and hormonal evidence of glucocorticoid excess and clearly increased cardiometabolic risk. Even in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma (NFAI), defined as adrenal incidentaloma with normal results on the currently available hormonal test for evaluation of hypercortisolism, cardiometabolic and mortality risk is higher than in the general population without adrenal lesions. Mild hypercortisolism or autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) is a term used for patients with adrenal incidentaloma and pathological dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results, but without specific clinical signs of hypercortisolism. It is widely known that this condition is linked to higher prevalence of several cardiometabolic comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome, than in patients with NFAI or without adrenal tumor. In case of overt Cushing's syndrome, cardiovascular risk is extremely high, and standard mortality ratio is high, cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death. The present review summarizes the current evidence for a detrimental cardiometabolic profile in patients with possible (NFAI), probable (ACS) and certain hypercortisolism (overt Cushing's syndrome).

Prevalence of Functioning Adrenal Incidentalomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Adrenal hyperfunction is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications in subjects with adrenal incidentaloma (AI). Reliable prevalence estimates of functioning AIs are important to direct resources allocations. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of autonomous/possible autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS), primary aldosteronism (PA), pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and Cushing syndrome (CS) in patients with AI. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science) for potentially relevant studies without language restriction, up to February 2022. Of the 1661 publications evaluated at title and abstract levels, 161 were examined as full text and 36 were included. Study level clinical data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of functioning AIs was 27.5% (95% CI 23.0, 32.5). ACS/possible ACS, with a prevalence of 11.7% (95% CI 8.6, 15.7), was the most frequent hormonal alteration, while PA occurred in 4.4% of the patients (95% CI 3.1, 6.2). Subgroup analysis showed that PA was more prevalent in patients from Asia than in patients from Europe/America; in contrast, ACS/possible ACS had a lower prevalence in Asian countries. At meta-regression analysis, the prevalence of ACS/possible ACS was influenced by the proportion of female patients, while the prevalence of PA was positively associated with the proportion of patients with hypertension and the publication year. Finally, PHEO and CS prevalence were 3.8% (95% CI 2.8, 5.0) and 3.1% (95% CI 2.3, 4.3) respectively. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provides extensive data on the prevalence of functioning AIs and the factors affecting heterogeneity in prevalence estimates.

Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with Cushing's syndrome: A French multicenter retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is an opportunistic infection occurring in immunocompromised patients. Cushing's syndrome (CS) impairs the immune system, and several authors have reported PcP in patients with CS. The present study aimed to characterize PcP occurring in a CS context and its management in French tertiary centers, in order to highlight the similarities in clinical presentation and treatment according to whether prophylaxis is implemented or not. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study conducted in several French University Hospitals and Cancer Centers. Patients with PcP and confirmed CS regardless of etiology were included. We excluded patients with other known causes of acquired immunodeficiency with increased risk of PcP. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included. CS etiology was neoplastic in 84.0% of cases. CS clinical presentation associated predominant catabolic signs (76.0%), hypokalemia (91.7%) and lymphopenia (89.5%). CS was intense in most patients, with mean plasma cortisol levels at diagnosis of 2.424±1.102nmol/L and urinary free cortisol>10× the upper limit of normal in 85.0%. In all patients, PcP onset followed introduction of cortisol blockers, at a median 5.5 days. Patients were treated with 1 to 3 cortisol blockers, mainly metyrapone (88%), which significatively lowered plasma cortisol levels to 667±541nmol/L at the onset of PcP (P<0.001). PcP occurred in 7 patients despite prophylaxis. Finally, 60.0% patients were admitted to intensive care, and 20.0% died of PcP. CONCLUSION: High mortality in patients with PcP implies that clinicians should be better informed about this rare infectious complication. Prophylaxis remains controversial, requiring comparative studies.

Hypocalcemia Is a Common Risk Factor for Osteoporosis in Taiwanese Patients with Cushing's Syndrome.

Background: Osteoporosis is a cardinal manifestation of Cushing's syndrome. There is a lack of relevant research on risk factors for osteoporosis among patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) in Taiwan. Thus, this study was designed to explore the possible risk factors of osteoporosis. Methods: We gathered patients with a diagnosis of CS between 2001 and 2017 in the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD). We extracted data including diagnoses and biochemistry from hospital records. The diagnosis of CS was based on ICD-9-CM codes (255.0). Osteoporosis was defined by a T value equal to or less than −2.5 in BMD examination and hypocalcemia was defined as serum calcium concentrations < 8.0 mg/dL. Results: A total of 356 patients with CS who made regular visits to the outpatient department were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 68.6 years, and 74.9% of the patients were female. Of them, 207 patients (58.1%) were diagnosed with osteoporosis. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that serum calcium level was negatively associated with osteoporosis (OR 0.70, CI 0.54−0.91, p < 0.001) after adjustment for age, sex, and other confounding risk factors. In addition, hypocalcemia was associated with heart failure (HF) (OR 2.14, CI 1.02−4.47, p < 0.05), stroke (OR 2.58, CI 1.21−5.46, p < 0.05) and osteoporosis (OR 3.04, CI 1.24−7.41, p < 0.05) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study found that lower serum calcium levels were common among patients with CS and osteoporosis. Furthermore, CS patients with HF or stroke had high proportion of hypocalcemia. Therefore, these patients must pay more attention to adequate calcium supplementation and undergo the appropriate osteoporosis drug treatment to reduce the risk of subsequent fracture and disability.

Susceptibility and characteristics of infections in patients with glucocorticoid excess or insufficiency: the ICARO tool.

Objective: Registry data show that Cushing's syndrome (CS) and adrenal insufficiency (AI) increase mortality rates associated with infectious diseases. Little information is available on susceptibility to milder forms of infections, especially those not requiring hospitalization. This study aimed to investigate infectious diseases in patients with glucocorticoid disorders through the development of a specific tool. Methods: We developed and administered the InfeCtions in pAtients with endocRinOpathies (ICARO) questionnaire, addressing infectious events over a 12-month observation period, to 1017 outpatients referred to 4 University Hospitals. The ICARO questionnaire showed good test-retest reliability. The odds of infection (OR (95% CI)) were estimated after adjustment for confounders and collated into the ICARO score, reflecting the frequency and duration of infections. Results: In total, 780 patients met the inclusion criteria: 43 with CS, 32 with adrenal incidentaloma and mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS), and 135 with AI, plus 570 controls. Compared to controls, CS was associated with higher odds of urinary tract infections (UTIs) (5.1 (2.3-9.9)), mycoses (4.4 (2.1-8.8)), and flu (2.9 (1.4-5.8)). Patients with adrenal incidentaloma and MACS also showed an increased risk of UTIs (3.7 (1.7-8.0)) and flu (3.2 (1.5-6.9)). Post-dexamethasone cortisol levels correlated with the ICARO score in patients with CS. AI was associated with higher odds of UTIs (2.5 (1.6-3.9)), mycoses (2.3 (1.4-3.8)), and gastrointestinal infections (2.2 (1.5-3.3)), independently of any glucocorticoid replacement dose. Conclusions: The ICARO tool revealed a high prevalence of self-reported infections in patients with glucocorticoid disorders. ICARO is the first of its kind questionnaire, which could be a valuable tool for monitoring infections in various clinical settings.

Epidemiology and blood parameter changes in Cushing's syndrome - a population-based study.

PURPOSE: To provide complete epidemiological data on Cushing's syndrome (CS) with analysis and differentiation of biochemical parameters, including blood count indices and serum inflammation-based scores. METHODS: Clinical records of 35 patients diagnosed with CS between 2008 and 2020 at Malta's only central National Health Service hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Detailed clinical and biochemical data were obtained for each patient. Correlation and receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were used to establish a threshold value for different variables to predict malignant CS. RESULTS: Standardized incidence rate (SIR) (/million/year) of CS was 4.5, and SIR of Cushing's disease (CD) was 2.3, 0.5 for ectopic CS, 1.5 for cortisol secreting adrenal adenoma, and 0.3 cases for cortisol-producing ACC. Malignant cause of CS had statistically significantly higher cortisol levels and size of tumor and lower potassium at diagnosis (P < 0.001). Additionally, malignant causes had a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (P = 0.001) and systemic immune inflammation index (P = 0.005) and a lower lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (P < 0.001). Using ROC curve analysis to predict malignant cause of CS, a potassium level of < 3.05 was 75% sensitive and 100% specific (ROC-AUC 0.907, P = 0.001), a post-ODST cortisol level of > 841 nmol/L was 100% sensitive and 91% specific (ROC-AUC 0.981, P < 0.001), while a NLR ratio > 3.9 was 100% sensitive and 57.7% specific (ROC-AUC 0.885, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Biochemical and blood count indices and serum inflammatory-based scores differ remarkably between benign and malignant causes of endogenous CS. Such indices can help predict the severity of disease and prognosis.

Prevalence and phenotype of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with autonomous cortisol secretion: a study of 98 patients.

AIM: This study evaluated prevalence of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH). It also analyzed the differential phenotype of patients with PBMAH compared to other bilateral adrenal lesions that do not meet the definition of PBMAH. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 732 patients diagnosed with an adrenal incidentaloma at our center. Ninety-eight patients with subclinical hypercortisolism were included in the analysis. We defined PBMAH as the presence of plasma cortisol > 1.8 µg/dL after an over-night 1-mg dexamethasone test, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and bilateral adrenal nodules > 1 cm. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients had PBMAH. Patients with PBMAH showed greater prevalence of autonomous cortisol secretion (plasma cortisol > 5.0 µg/dL after an overnight 1-mg dexamethasone test) than patients without PBMAH (OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.38-12.09, p = 0.010). Tumor size and total adenomatous mass were significantly greater in patients with PBMAH compared to patients without PBMAH (30.2 ±â€¯12.16 vs. 24.3 ±â€¯8.47 mm, p = 0.010 and 53.9 ±â€¯20.8 vs. 43.3 ±â€¯14.62 mm, p = 0.023), respectively. A greater proportion of patients with PBMAH had diabetes compared to patients without PBMAH (45.2% vs. 25.4%, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: PBMAH is present in one-third of patients with adrenal incidentaloma and subclinical hypercortisolism. Patients with PBMAH showed greater autonomous cortisol secretion, bigger tumor size, and higher rates of diabetes than those without PBMAH.

The Socioeconomic Consequences of Cushing's Syndrome: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: The long-term somatic and psychiatric consequences of Cushing's syndrome are well-described, but the socioeconomic consequences are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: We studied employment status, educational level, risk of depression, and other socioeconomic outcomes of Cushing's syndrome in the years before diagnosis and after surgery. DESIGN: Nationwide register-based cohort study. METHODS: We used a validated algorithm to identify 424 patients operated for adrenal (n = 199) or pituitary Cushing's syndrome (n = 225) in Denmark from January 1, 1986 to December 31, 2017. We obtained socioeconomic registry data from 10 years before diagnosis (year -10) to 10 years after surgery (year +10) and included a sex- and age-matched reference population. We identified prognostic factors for returning to work using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Compared to the reference population, the patients' employment was permanently reduced from year -6 [relative risk (RR) 0.92, 95% CI 0.84-0.99] to year +10 (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57-0.76). Sick leave (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.40-3.32) and disability pension (RR 2.60, 95% CI 2.06-3.27) were still elevated in year +10. Annual income, education, parenthood, relationship status, and risk of depression were also negatively impacted, but parenthood and relationship status normalized after surgery. Among patients, negative predictors of full-time employment after surgery included female sex, low education, comorbidity, and depression. CONCLUSION: Cushing's syndrome negatively affects a wide spectrum of socioeconomic variables many years before diagnosis of which only some normalize after treatment. The data underpin the importance of early diagnosis and continuous follow-up of Cushing's syndrome and, not least, the pervasive health threats of glucocorticoid excess.

Indication to dynamic and invasive testing in Cushing's disease according to different neuroradiological findings.

PURPOSE: Dynamic testing represents the mainstay in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. However, in case of undetectable or detectable lesion < 6 mm on MRI, bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) is suggested by current guidelines. Aim of this study was to analyze the performance of CRH, desmopressin and high-dose dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST) in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome as well as the impact of invasive and noninvasive tests on surgical outcome in patients affected by Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS: Retrospective analysis on 148 patients with CD and 26 patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome. RESULTS: Among CD patients, negative MRI/lesion < 6 mm was detected in 97 patients (Group A); 29 had a 6-10 mm lesion (Group B) and 22 a macroadenoma (Group C). A positive response to CRH test, HDSST and desmopressin test was recorded in 89.4%, 91·4% and 70.1% of cases, respectively. Concordant positive response to both CRH/HDDST and CRH/desmopressin tests showed a positive predictive value of 100% for the diagnosis of CD. Among Group A patients with concordant CRH test and HDDST, no difference in surgical outcome was found between patients who performed BIPSS and those who did not (66.6% vs 70.4%, p = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: CRH, desmopressin test and HDDST have high accuracy in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent CS. In patients with microadenoma < 6 mm or non-visible lesion, a concordant positive response to noninvasive tests seems sufficient to diagnose CD, irrespective of MRI finding. In these patients, BIPSS should be reserved to discordant tests.

Frequency and risk factors for naturally occurring Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending UK primary-care practices.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency and risk factors for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under UK primary veterinary care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs with Cushing's syndrome were identified by searching electronic patient records of primary-care veterinary practices. Pre-existing and incident cases of Cushing's syndrome during 2016 were included to estimate the 1-year period prevalence. Incident cases were used to estimate the annual incidence and to identify demographic risk factors for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs, through multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Analysis included 970 pre-existing and 557 incident cases of Cushing's syndrome from a population of 905,544 dogs. The estimated 1-year period prevalence for Cushing's syndrome in dogs under veterinary care was 0.17% (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.18) and incidence was 0.06% (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.07). In multivariable logistic regression modelling, the Bichon frise (odds ratio=6.17, 95% confidence interval 4.22 to 9.00), Border terrier (5.40, 95% confidence interval 3.66 to 7.97) and Miniature schnauzer (3.05, 95% confidence interval 1.67 to 5.57) had the highest odds of Cushing's syndrome. The Golden retriever (0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 0.98) and Labrador retriever (0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.54) were the most protected breeds. Increasing age, bodyweight greater than the breed-sex mean and being insured also showed increased odds of Cushing's syndrome. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: As Cushing's syndrome is predominately diagnosed and managed in primary-care practice, this study provides valuable new information of its epidemiology in this setting. Demographics reported are supportive of previous work and additional novel associations identified, such as the Border terrier, could enhance the index of suspicion for veterinarians.

The effect of Cushing's syndrome on pregnancy complication rates: analysis of more than 9 million deliveries.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study to evaluate the risk of Cushing's syndrome (CS) and maternal and fetal complications using the American Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study using the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2004 to 2014. We compared pregnancies with CS versus non-CS regarding pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 9,096,788 pregnancies during the study period. Cushing's syndrome complicated 135 pregnancies at a rate of 1-2 cases per 100,000 births. Cushing's syndrome subjects were more likely to be older, obese, have private insurance, chronic hypertension, and pre-gestational diabetes (p<.001). The maternal mortality rate was 0.7 and 0.007% in Cushing's syndrome and control groups, respectively, although due to small numbers of cases, this should be interpreted with caution. Preeclampsia was higher in CS compared to controls after controlling for confounding variables, aOR 2.20. Operative vaginal delivery and blood transfusion rates were higher in CS patients than controls after controlling for confounding factors, aOR 6.49 and 3.09, respectively. The rates of preterm delivery (8.9 versus 7.2%) and gestational diabetes (8.1 versus 5.8%) were not statistically different between CS and control groups. CONCLUSION: Cushing's syndrome patients begin pregnancies often with maladies making them more at risk for complications including, preeclampsia, blood transfusion, and operative vaginal delivery. These patients might benefit from prevention methods for preeclampsia, and increased surveillance to decrease maternal morbidity and mortality. However, the nature of the database and its limitations, including the lack of information about CS activity and treatments received by patients, warrant careful interpretation of these results.

Cortisol and Phosphate Homeostasis: Cushing's Syndrome Is Associated With Reversible Hypophosphatemia.

Objectives: The influence of hypercortisolism on phosphate homeostasis is relatively unknown. A few previous studies have reported on patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) with hypophosphatemia in whom serum phosphate normalized after initiation of treatment for CS. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in CS, the association between the degree of hypercortisolism and serum phosphate and the change in serum phosphate after remission of CS. We compared the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in CS with the prevalence in the population-based Rotterdam Study (RS). Methods: Patients diagnosed with CS and treated at the Department of Endocrinology of Erasmus MC in the period of 2002-2020 were included and data was collected on age at diagnosis, sex, serum phosphate, calcium and potassium levels, kidney function and BMI. Using multivariate linear regression, we analyzed the association between 24h urinary free cortisol excretion (UFC) and serum phosphate. Changes in serum phosphate and covariates were tested with a repeated measurement ANOVA, using mean levels of laboratory values for the periods before remission, and 0-14 days and 15-180 days after remission. Results: Hypophosphatemia before treatment was present in 16% of the 99 CS patients with data on serum phosphate, 24h UFC and covariates. In comparison, the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in RS was 2.0-4.2%. Linear regression showed a negative association between the level of UFC and serum phosphate at diagnosis, which remained significant after adjusting for covariates [ß -0.002 (95%CI -0.004; -0.0004), p=0.021]. A subset of 24 patients had additional phosphate measurements at 0-14 days and 15-180 days after remission. In this subgroup, serum phosphate significantly increased from 1.03 ± 0.17 mmol/L prior to remission to 1.22 ± 0.25 mmol/L 15-180 days after remission (p = 0.008). BMI decreased after remission [-1.1 kg/m2, (95%CI -2.09 to -0.07), p=0.037]. Other covariates did not show an equivalent change over time. Conclusion: In this retrospective study, we found that 16% of patients with CS had hypophosphatemia. Moreover, serum phosphate was related to the level of cortisoluria and increased after remission of CS. Potential underlying mechanisms related to urinary phosphate excretion and possibly involving FGF23, BMI and parathyroid hormone levels should be further explored.